Sunday, September 9, 2007

Agyeman: Ch.4: Just Sustainability in Practice

Summary: I chose to read this chapter because for me, it is most interesting to know what other people and organizations are DOING. For me the theory is not too difficult; it is putting this or that theory into practice that is most challenging.
Agyeman wants to provide the reader with examples of organizations who are really taking action in a successful and sustainable (?) way. In order to do this, he develops a Just Sustainability Index (JSI) by which he reviews and categorizes organizations who propose to do environmental work. Agyeman wants to know if what they're as committed to saving the environment as they are to serving humans equitably as well. Whether his index answers this question, I'm not sure.
The chapter centers around the JSI as the author gives a short summary of the practices and mission statements of three organizations per five categories. The categories are: land-use planning, solid waste, toxic chemical use, residential energy use, and transportation.
The chapter is less than inspiring in the beginning: Agyeman, as he researches for his index, finds that hardly any organizations show a commitment to his search terms of equity, justice, and/or sustainability.
Critique:
There is not too much to criticize in this chapter as Agyeman does exactly as he proposes to do. I would wish for a few changes, however. I was hoping for a little more than a simple summary of these organizations who seem to be doing really interesting things: maybe fewer summaries and more meat in each one? For instance, in the category "Toxic Chemical Use," he talks about the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and their celebration of Earth Day in which they encourage marginalized community to take responsibility for the planet. Now, maybe I am wrong, but it seems that especially people who have resources available should be taking responsibility. It just feels like saying, well, we tossed you into this mess, and now you ought to dig yourselves out. Maybe this isn't what the author or the organization was trying to portray. I hope not. I guess I was looking for some more of his opinion, to dig a little deeper and ask the how and why questions, rather than simply what.
Usefulness:
There is a man called Paul Ray who wrote a book called "Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People are Changing the World." He writes that in reality there are literally millions of people who are socially aware, and creatively working to change and reshape the world--but hardly anyone know each other. I thought the chapter I read was useful and interesting for two reasons. Not only was the author making an effort to connect people with movements happening across the country, but within each vignette he clearly shows that in almost every one, half the battle of the work they were doing was to create coalitions, connect people--to join together and have a strong base and a holistic approach.

This clearly connects to the reading form Ken Reardon who, very helpfully I thought, goes through step by step the process he's followed in participatory planning. (In order to have participation, we better be able to connect to one another!)

Just Sustainability: Theory and Practice

Each of the paradigms discussed in chapters 3 and 4 are very useful. The New Environmental Paradigm improves upon the old beliefs that the Earth has an unlimited supply of resources that we can use to fuel unlimited growth. Clearly, the NEP has clearly replaced that old paradigm and makes it clear that the Earth’s capacity to produce resources and absorb our wastes is very limited. However, this paradigm fails to capture the fact that society needs to take these limits into consideration while appropriately allocating resources, strengthening social capital and equity (as well as other aspects of healthy societies), and accounting for cultural diversity. The NEP, which the chapters prove are still dominant among the largest environmental organizations, puts wilderness, water, and other indirectly-connected elements of the Earth before people direct problems.

The Environmental Justice Paradigm, upheld by the environmental justice movement, puts people first by emphasizing equity and access. Long marginalized by the dominant environmental movement, the EJ movement makes it clear that sustainability cannot be achieved without widespread equity, access, and recognition of and respect for cultural diversity. On the other hand, Agyeman (book author) proposes that the Just Sustainability Paradigm links these two working paradigms by linking the essential components, such as ecological footprint and debt, equity, access, and empowerment of traditionally marginalized communities.

This discussion proves to be applicable to most of the major societal problems we face today. While Agyeman shows specific community examples of how the JSP is applied, there are examples of where its application is the only viable solution. Global warming is one such case. The developed world is clearly responsible for more than 60% of all the greenhouse gases that society has placed in the atmosphere. As a result, this part of the world owes the rest of the world (which a larger population) because it developed with the causes of global warming. In the international climate debate, China and other developing countries always correctly claim that they should not pay the burden of the emission reductions because their contribution has been minimal. On the other hand, some developing nations (notably the United States) claim that they will not commit to reducing emissions without China and other developing countries committing as well. Clearly, everybody has a lot to lose from inaction. Neither China nor the Unites States have anything to gain from not doing anything. In fact, they have a lot to lose.

Nobody talks about raising funds in the developed world to reduce emissions in the developing world in addition to tough emission reductions in the developed world. If China and India are to shut down all their coal-burning power plants, they will need to be compensated for the lost value of those. No international treaty that takes this kind of equity consideration into account will solve global warming. In this case, the JSP is very applicable.

Agyeman Chapter 1

Another piece to the puzzle in our holistic systems approach to sustainability is environmental justice. When discussing our goal to achieving a sustainable future, important social issues like race, class and poverty must be addressed if we are to be truly successful. Agyeman's book demonstrates how connected the two subjects are and why they must be connected when analyzing the issues and devising policies and plans.

I chose to blog about the books Introduction and Chapter 1 “Environmental Justice” because it begins to explore the important and growing relationship between Sustainability and Environmental Justice.

On page 5 of the Intro to the book, there is a quote from an employee of Greenpeace UK after she was asked if the employees of her organization represented a multicultural Britain. She said “No, that's not an issue for us. We are here to save the word.” The issue of inclusion as a required strategy for change did not even enter her head. This answer typifies a lot of environmental organizations who are made up of rich groups of people and tend to narrow their mission to one aspect of the environment.

“Just Sustainability” - to be successful in our pursuit of environmental sustainability, the goals of Environmental Justice groups can no longer be ignored. The author suggests that a new paradigm be created to combine together the goals of social justice and environmental stewardship to form a new effort called Just Sustainability with a new agenda. This would of course take a lot of cooperation amongst both groups and new agendas would have to be created. This is the challenge.

Key Concepts

Countries that have more dedication and concentration to social equity have more success in maintaining a healthy and sustainable environment.

The Environmental Justice movement should include all disadvantaged groups: poor, people of color, women, uneducated, because they suffer the effects of environmental pollution and problems disproportionately.

Environmental Justice principal states that all people have the right to be protected from environmental pollution and to live in and enjoy a clean and healthful environment....with an equal distribution of the environmental benefits.

In drawing up an action plan to achieving the goal of sustainable communities through the new paradigm of “Just Sustainability”, I felt overwhelmed. The issue becomes so much larger and much more complex. How can all these issues be addressed in a timely manner so that momentum for the cause does not get lost?

Saturday, September 8, 2007

Agyeman Chapter 4

Just Sustainability in Practice

In this chapter Agyeman created a just sustainability index for environmental organizations in the US, as well as some international organizations, and US programs and projects. Agyeman used the Internet to search organizations that had the words “equity”, “justice” and “sustainability” in their mission statement or program issues. From here she rated the organization on how much these terms were implemented in their mission statement or program issues by assigning a number from 0 (no mention) to 3 (mission statement relates to intra- and intergenerational equity and justice). She found that 30% of the thirty selected organizations were a zero and that the average was a 1.06. The rest of the chapter is less depressing as it consists of some case studies of programs and projects some of the organizations have implemented that were considered 3’s.

I found the case studies very fascinating. I also found myself thinking some of them more than others could be applied to the city I grew up in. Thinks like the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), and the Community Design Program in Oakland that provides planning and design services to low-income people. I was most impressed by Bethel New Life Organization in Chicago and their Lake Pulaski Commercial Center project, which has pooled together so many different people to create a center of community. This relates to our class in that it shows the interconnectedness of many different sorts of people, from architects and parents, to lawyers and the unemployed. The organization in itself also strives to bring many types of people in the community to benefit from its projects.

My main critique for Agyeman has to do with her method of ranking organizations in her index. I wonder whether or not searching for terms on a website is an accurate way of determining how much an organization actually practices just sustainability. I’m sure this method has a lot of room for error, but may also be correct a lot of the time.

Agyeman, Chapter 3

Chapter 3 in Sustainable Communities gives an overview of the more theoretical side to just sustainability and the similarities and differences between the different paradigms with which it is associated. The chapter begins by highlighting the major contrast between the New Environmental Paradigm and the Environmental Justice Paradigm. Whereas the NEP gives more focus to the preservation of “natural resources, wilderness, endangered species, and the like”, the EJP emphasizes the risks of “toxics, public health and the unjust distribution of environmental risk.” The author argues instead though, that there is a more useful and important way of framing things- the Just Sustainability Paradigm. The JSP takes a broader, global perspective, integrating the efforts of both the “Northern environment-based and the Southern equity-based agendas.” It also stresses the importance of procedural processes, distributive and substantive justice, and upholding the basic civil and political rights of individuals. Finally, Agyeman asserts his view that the JSP is the best model, but that it is complementary to the EJP.

I feel that the JSP has very practical applications to the outline provided by Professor Reardon. When trying to successfully execute a community revitalization program, it is essential that the stakeholders (residents, local business, etc) feel that they are in control of the process. I took Professor Reardon’s class two years ago, and I remember him explaining that unless the community residents feel they are vital to the change process, the effort will gain no momentum and any gains made will not last in the long run (aka, are unsustainable). Also, especially in the case of the East St. Louis neighborhood, ensuring that a disenfranchised area achieved the same rights and access to opportunities as the rest of the city was a basic tenant of the revitalization effort. Without that equality, the neighborhood would not have been able to continue improving itself and would have slipped back into an unsustainable pattern.

I agree with the author, that there needs to be a renewed focus not only on traditional environmental causes, but also on how socio-economic status is a determinant of quality of life and how we need to mitigate the more polarizing forces on the global situation. Of course, there are challenges to pursuing this strategy, but I feel that the step-building approach mentioned in Reardon’s outline is a useful solution. If we can build a solid foundation for more ambitious goals, then the successes we experience will have a better chance of enduring in the long-term.

Friday, September 7, 2007

Agyeman, Chapter 3 – Just Sustainability In Theory

Application:
Agyeman’s views and conclusions push for a view of the whole system. He emphasizes a global view, of economics, resources, ideas, and policies. His views seem to complement those in The Key to Sustainable Cities, in that by looking at the community as a whole, we are able to see all of the interactions within the system and evaluate its capacity to meet all of our needs. He also advocates for the improvement of social networks (democracy, inclusiveness, empowerment, responsibility), equitable resource distribution, economic security, and, ultimately, human and environmental health – all of which are described in the Key’s Community Systems Dynamics discussion.

Critique:
Overall, I felt that Agyeman’s writing would have been much clearer had he written out his abbreviations more often, and used footnotes rather than citing every author, date, page, and conference in his paragraphs – which required the reader to navigate a sea of parenthesis to follow a sentence. I also wish he had expanded a bit on his discussion of cited authors’ equation of “ecological” with “nonhuman.” The widespread idea of humans as being something other than nature, something outside of it, and often as having a managerial or stewardship role (which is perhaps exploited), plays an important role in our use of resources and in shaping the discourse that surrounds environmental policy.

Summary:
Agyeman sees the “just sustainability” paradigm (JSP) as a bridge between the current environmental sustainability paradigm (NEP) and the environmental justice paradigm (EJP). He defines JSP as including the consideration of both present and future generations, quality of life, the concept of justice and equity, and living within ecosystem limits. He attributes the NEP-EJP divide to the paradigms’ origin and history, demographic differences, reluctance toward engagement, and individual vs. communitarian approaches. The author describes the divide between the rich, Northern, environment-based “green” agenda – focused on ecological sustainability (No Humanity Without Nature), and the poor, Southern, equity-based, “brown” agenda – focused on environmental health (No Nature without Social Justice). Agyeman brings up the Earth Charter, which is discussed at length in Chapter 6 of The Key to Sustainable Cities - “Envisioning a Beautiful World,” and emphasizes its focus on a global partnership and universal responsibility. Agyeman states that we simply require open discussion and a fusion of the movements, enabling the creation of proactive and progressive policies, a “new economics,” and local to global thinking.

Thursday, September 6, 2007

This will be cool!! --> Founder of Free the Children Lecture Sept. 10 "Me to We"

Iscol Family Program for Leadership Development in Public Service

Date: September 10, 2007
Time: 7:30 PM
Location: Kennedy Hall-Call Auditorium
Department: FLDC
Speakers: Craig Kielburger
Speaker Title: Founder of Free the Children
Contact: jl638
Additional Information:
Iscol Lecture 2007Me to We: Finding Meaning in a Material WorldReception and book signing following the lecture.
Craig Kielburger will speak on how university students can create positive social change.
This event is presented in collaboration with the Entrepreneurship and Personal Enterprise Speaker Series (AEM121).
Craig Kielburger is an accomplished child rights advocate, leadership specialist, New York Times best-selling author and a speaker with a powerful message. He is the founder of Free The Children, the world’s largest network of children helping children through education, and the co-founder of Leaders Today, a world renowned youth leadership organization. He has a degree in peace and conflict studies from the University of Toronto and is the recipient of two honorary doctorates.
Craig has received many awards for his work, including the Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award, the World Economic Forum GLT Award, the Roosevelt Freedom Medal, the State of the World Forum Award and the World’s Children’s Prize for the Rights of the Child, also known as the Children’s Nobel Prize.
When Craig was 12, he was shocked to learn about the murder of a child laborer-turned-child rights activist. Eager to take action, he established Free The Children to help free children from poverty, exploitation and powerlessness . The organization began as a small group of classmates and quickly evolved into an international phenomenon.
Under Craig’s leadership, Free The Children has now changed the lives of more than one million young people around the world. The organization has built more than 450 primary schools, providing daily education to more than 40,000 children.
Free The Children’s many accomplishments in the areas of education, alternative income, health care, water and sanitation provision and peacebuilding have earned three Nobel Peace Prize nominations and facilitated high profile partnerships with organizations such as the United Nations and Oprah’s Angel Network.
Convinced of the importance of leadership development in empowering youth, Craig co-founded Leaders Today in 1999. Leaders Today empowers young people through leadership education, providing them with the inspiration and tools to affect positive social change. The organization delivers one-of-a-kind local and international training experiences, reaching more than 350,000 youth every year.
Now 24, Craig has traveled to more than 50 countries, visiting underprivileged children and speaking out in defense of children’s rights. An internationally renowned speaker, Craig frequently addresses business groups, government bodies, educators, unions and students. He has shared the podium a number of times with former U.S. president Bill Clinton, as well as with such world renowned leaders as Nelson Mandela, Queen Noor, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and the Dalai Lama.
Craig’s first book, Free The Children, won the prestigious Christopher Award and has since been translated into eight languages. He is co-author of the bestsellers Take Action!—A Guide to Active Citizenship and Take More Action. His most recent book, Me to We: Finding Meaning in a Material World, is a New York Times best-seller co-authored with his brother Marc and published by Simon & Schuster. This inspirational volume empowers people of all ages to live the Me to We philosophy of volunteerism, service to others and social involvement. Together with Marc, Craig now writes a regular column for Canada’s largest newspaper, the Toronto Star.
Craig has shown the world that no one is ever too young to make a difference. His work has been featured on The Oprah Winfrey Show, CNN, BBC, 60 Minutes and profiled in The Economist, Time and People magazines and numerous newspapers.
CLICK HERE to download poster